Webb maps Uranus’s upper atmosphere, revealing cooling temperatures, shifting auroras, and the effects of its tilted magnetic field.

The ionosphere, as an essential component of the Earth’s space environment, contains free electrons that influence the amplitude and phase of radio signals. In the equatorial and low-latitude regions, ...

Most operational systems still use a single-layer ionosphere model with a fixed effective height, despite the ionosphere’s strong spatial, temporal, and solar-driven variability. This simplification ...

The work presents two applications of the formal equations governing the behavior of the low latitude lower ionosphere comprised into a unique set. This set can be used for modeling purposes as well ...

The results demonstrate that the multi-layer strategy consistently improves accuracies in receiver bias estimation and global ionosphere mapping, particularly under disturbed ionospheric conditions, ...