The effectiveness of the vaccine, coupled with rising vaccination rates, led to such low rates of measles that it was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000. In recent years, though, the virus has made a resurgence, as childhood vaccination rates have dropped nationwide.

As a measles outbreak sweeps through Texas, officially sickening 124 people, mostly unvaccinated children, and hospitalizing 18, anti-vaccine groups are pushing a familiar and false theory: The highly contagious virus is being caused by the vaccine itself.